Size: Venus has a diameter of approximately 12,104 kilometers (7,521 miles), making it slightly smaller than Earth.

Mass: Its mass is about 0.82 times that of Earth.

Surface: Venus has a rocky surface covered in dense clouds of sulfuric acid. The surface is dominated by vast plains, mountains, and thousands of volcanoes, including some that are still active.

Temperature: Venus experiences extreme surface temperatures due to its thick atmosphere and greenhouse effect. Temperatures can reach up to about 462°C (864°F), making it the hottest planet in the Solar System.

Orbit: Venus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 108.2 million kilometers (67.2 million miles), completing one orbit approximately every 225 Earth days.

Rotation: Venus rotates on its axis very slowly and in the opposite direction to most other planets, with a retrograde rotation. It takes about 243 Earth days to complete one rotation, making a day on Venus longer than its year.

Interior: The interior of Venus is believed to consist of a rocky mantle and a metallic core, similar to Earth's composition.

Atmosphere: Venus has a dense atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide (CO2), with trace amounts of nitrogen and other gases. The atmosphere generates a strong greenhouse effect, trapping heat and raising surface temperatures to extreme levels.

Venus' surface is characterized by vast plains, highland regions, and numerous volcanic features, including large shield volcanoes and lava flows. The planet also has impact craters, although they are fewer in number compared to other terrestrial planets due to volcanic resurfacing.

Several spacecraft have visited Venus to study its atmosphere and surface, including NASA's Magellan spacecraft, which mapped the planet's surface using radar imaging, and more recently, the European Space Agency's Venus Express mission.