Allergy - Mechanism, Symptoms, Risk factors, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention, Animation
Allergies occur when the immune system reacts excessively to a usually harmless substance, treating it as a threat. These substances, known as allergens, can vary widely—from certain foods (like nuts or shellfish) to pollen, dust mites, pet dander, insect stings, or medications.
When someone with an allergy comes into contact with an allergen, their immune system sees it as a danger and produces antibodies, specifically Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies trigger the release of chemicals, such as histamine, which leads to allergy symptoms.
Symptoms can vary depending on the type of allergen and how the body reacts to it. Common symptoms include:
Respiratory: Sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath.
Skin: Itching, hives, eczema, swelling, redness, or rash.
Digestive: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea.
Anaphylaxis: In severe cases, a life-threatening reaction known as anaphylaxis can occur, causing difficulty breathing, a sudden drop in blood pressure, rapid pulse, and potentially leading to unconsciousness. Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical attention.
Allergies can develop at any age and can range from mild to severe. They can be diagnosed through skin tests, blood tests, or by observing symptoms related to exposure to specific allergens.
Treatment often involves avoiding allergens, medications (like antihistamines, decongestants, or epinephrine for severe reactions), and in some cases, allergy shots (immunotherapy) to desensitize the immune system.
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