What is a Neuron? Parts and Function?
A neuron, also known as a nerve cell, is the fundamental structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. They play a crucial role in processing and transmitting information within the nervous system, enabling communication between different parts of the body.
The cell body contains the nucleus and other cellular organelles. It is responsible for the metabolic functions of the neuron.
Dendrites are branching extensions from the cell body that receive signals (chemical and electrical) from other neurons. They act as input regions.
The axon is a long, slender projection that carries signals away from the cell body. It is the output region of the neuron.
The axon hillock is the junction between the cell body and the axon. It plays a critical role in determining whether a neuron will generate an action potential.
The myelin sheath is a fatty, insulating layer that surrounds some axons. It speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses along the axon.
Nodes of Ranvier are small gaps in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed. Action potentials jump from one node to the next, facilitating faster transmission.
Axon Terminals (Terminal Buttons):
Axon terminals are small structures at the end of the axon. They contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters, which are released into the synapse to communicate with other neurons or target cells.
The synapse is the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a target cell. It includes the presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses. They are released from vesicles in the presynaptic terminal and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
Receptors are proteins on the postsynaptic membrane that bind to neurotransmitters, initiating a response in the postsynaptic neuron or target cell.
The nucleus is located within the cell body and contains genetic material (DNA). It is essential for the control and regulation of cellular activities.
Microtubules and Neurofilaments:
These are cytoskeletal elements that provide structural support to the neuron and play a role in intracellular transport.
Neurons communicate with each other through the transmission of electrical signals called action potentials. These signals travel along the axon and are transmitted to other neurons or target cells at synapses. The complexity and diversity of neuronal connections contribute to the intricate functioning of the nervous system.
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