Intro: We covered this briefly earlier. An introduction in music is the opening segment of a piece, setting the tone, mood, and often introducing thematic material. It's like the first chapter of a book, giving you a glimpse into what's to come.

The Musical Alphabet: The musical alphabet consists of the letters A through G, which represent the pitches used in Western music notation. After G, the sequence starts over again at A. These letters are assigned to specific pitches, which can be further modified by accidentals (sharps and flats).

Intervals: Intervals are the distance in pitch between two notes. They are named according to the number of letter names they span and the quality of the interval (e.g., major, minor, perfect, augmented, diminished). For example, the interval between C and E is called a major third because it spans three letter names (C-D-E) and has a major quality.

Triads: Triads are three-note chords consisting of a root, a third, and a fifth above the root. They form the basic building blocks of harmony in Western music. Triads can be major, minor, augmented, or diminished, depending on the quality of their third and fifth intervals.

Major Triads: Major triads consist of a major third and a perfect fifth above the root. They have a bright, consonant sound and are often associated with feelings of happiness or contentment.

Minor Triads: Minor triads consist of a minor third and a perfect fifth above the root. They have a darker, more melancholic sound compared to major triads and are often associated with sadness or introspection.

Major Scales: Major scales are a sequence of seven notes arranged in a specific pattern of whole and half steps. The pattern for a major scale is whole-whole-half-whole-whole-whole-half, resulting in a distinct sound characteristic of Western classical and popular music.

Minor Scales: Minor scales also consist of seven notes but follow a different pattern of whole and half steps. There are several types of minor scales, including natural minor, harmonic minor, and melodic minor, each with its unique interval structure and sound.

Relative Minor: The relative minor is a minor scale that shares the same key signature as a major scale. It starts on the sixth degree of the major scale and has a relationship of relative major-minor with its corresponding major scale. For example, A minor is the relative minor of C major because they share the same key signature (no sharps or flats).

Parallel Minor: The parallel minor is a minor scale that shares the same tonic (starting note) as a major scale but has a different key signature. It's called "parallel" because it starts on the same note as the major scale but has a different quality (major or minor). For example, C minor is the parallel minor of C major.